Predator and Prey

What's on the Menu?
Carnivore, Herbivore, Omnivore

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Measurement

Matter can be visible or not, but it can always be measured. Matter has mass and volume.

Mass means something has weight.
Matter can be weighed.
Some matter is heavy. Some matter is light.
All matter weighs something.
All matter has mass.

Volume means something takes up space.
Matter takes up space.
Some matter is so small that we cannot see it. It must be measured under a microscope.
Volume is calculated from measurements or the piece of matter.
Liquid or gas volume is measured by its container.
All matter has volume.

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Biology is the branch of science which studies living things.

Biology is the scientific study of life.

Taxonomy

Plant Kingdom ........ Animal Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Cells

The Animal Kingdom

Characteristics

Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals have complex cells and lack rigid cell walls, and they are made of many cells. They are eat other organisms. All animals can move on their own.

Structure

Animals usually have bodies made up of separate tissues. These include muscles and nerves. Usually there is an stomach with one or two openings. All animals have cells that can be calcified to form bones or shells. Animals also have different types of junctions between cells.

Reproduction and Development

Nearly all animals undergo some form of mating to create babies. They have a few specialized reproductive cells which develop into new individuals. Many animals are also lay fertile eggs that do not require mating.

Food and Energy Sources

All animals feed directly or indirectly on other living things. They are often further subdivided into groups such as carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, and parasites.

Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (a hunter) feeds on its prey (the animal that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation always results in the death of the prey.

Most animals feed indirectly from the energy of sunlight. When animals eat plants or eat other animals which have eaten plants the sugars produced by the plant are used by the animal. They are either used directly to help the animal grow, or broken down, releasing stored solar energy, and giving the animal the energy required for motion.

Farm Animals have been domesticated by man.
Farm Animals are raised for food, clothing, and more.

Farm Animals

Raising animals for food and clothing

Husbandry

Husbandry is the raising of animals to harvest for meat, fur, hides, and more.

Husbandry was common to many civilization in Asia, Africa and Europe who also grew plants for food and clothing. Sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle are most commonly farm-raised. Chickens and similar birds were raised for meat, eggs, and feathers. Europeans, Asians and Africans used reindeer, camels, horses, donkeys and elephants for transportation. Dogs were tamed and trained to keep the animals together.

In the Americas, husbandry did not develop until the arrival of the Europeans. Americans hunted for meats. In the southern mountains llamas and alpacas were used to carry loads up and down the mountains. No other animals were known to be raised by the Americans.

In addition to the traditional land farm animals, fish, frogs, and other aquatic life are raised in ponds and tanks, and harvested.

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Humans developed from hominids (pre-human creatures similar to apes).

Hominids have lived on earth for millions of years.
But modern man, Homo Sapiens Sapiens, has only been around for about 150,000 years.

How do we know?

1) Scientists, called archeologists, learn about hominids by studying fossils. Fossils are bones of once living creatures that were turned into rock and buried deep in the earth.

2) In the case of later hominids and early human beings, scientists, called Anthropologists, also study the tools and implements found in the areas near the fossils, to learn more about these ancestors of modern humans

An interesting way to explore the message in the fossils is by comparing the jaw of a modern gorilla, a pre-human hominid jaw, and a modern jaw.

Notice that gorilla teeth are much larger than human teeth. By studying fossils, we learn that hominids had a jaw similar in modern man, but very different from the jaw of a modern gorilla.

The ancestors of the gorilla continued to eat a forest diet. The hominids began to develop smaller teeth as they began to walk on two feet. As the hominids began to use tools, they began to eat meat.

Studying the fossils tells us that the first difference between apes and humanids was that that humanids could walk upright on two feet. From parents to children, as the humanids became better walkers, their jaws changed and their teeth got smaller.

Fossils of hominids back more than four million years show that homanids walked and ran on two feet.

Standing on two feet also allows a body to lose excess heat from the sun faster.

The oldest known hominid species is Ardipithecus.
Ardipithicus Ardi and his family lived more than 4 million years ago.
Ardi could swing through the trees, but he could also walk upright.
Ardi may have been a loving and faithful husband.

How Do We Know When A Fossil Is Australopithus?

These drawings show the differences in jaws and lower teeth of a modern gorilla, an Australopithicus, and a modern man.

Australopithecus Africanis

Homo Ergaster

Homo Habilis

Homo Erectus

Homo Sapiens Archaic

Homo Sapiens Neanderthalis
Neanderthal Man

Homo Sapiens Cro-Magnon

Kennewick Man

Miocene Era

22 million years ago until 5.5 million years ago

Plesticine 5.5 million years ago until now